تأثیر زمین‌لغزش ناشی از فعالیت‌های اجرایی بر برخی خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک (مطالعۀ موردی: جنگل‌های تنکابن و رامسر)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری جنگلداری، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گیلان، صومعه‌سرا، ایران

2 استاد گروه جنگلداری، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گیلان، صومعه‌سرا، ایران

3 دانشیار گروه جنگلداری، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گیلان، صومعه‌سرا، ایران

10.22034/ijf.2022.321514.1836

چکیده

هدف این پژوهش، بررسی تأثیر زمین‌لغزش ناشی از فعالیت‌های اجرایی بر برخی خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک در جنگل‌های تنکابن و رامسر است. بدین ‌منظور موقعیت جغرافیایی زمین‌لغزش‌های موجود منطقه برداشت و در بین آنها زمین‌لغزش‌های ناشی از فعالیت‌های اجرایی مشخص شد. زمین‌لغزش‌ها در طبقات ارتفاع از سطح دریا (کمتر از 750 و بیشتر از 750 متر)، جهت جغرافیایی (شمال، جنوب، شرق و غرب)، سن (کمتر از 15 و بیشتر از 15 سال) در دوازده طبقه دسته‌بندی شد. سپس از هر طبقه یک یا چند لغزش انتخاب و در هریک از طبقات لغزش‌ها سه قطعه نمونه و در جنگل شاهد مجاور یک قطعه نمونۀ دایره‌شکل یک‌آری به‌منظور اندازه‌گیری خصوصیات خاک برداشت شد. خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک شامل اسیدیته، کربن آلی و جرم مخصوص ظاهری و حقیقی بود. در مجموع 88 نمونه خاک برداشت شد. میانگین جرم مخصوص ظاهری، حقیقی، کربن آلی و pH خاک در منطقۀ لغزشی به‌ترتیب 69/1، 38/2، 33/2 و 80/6 و در منطقۀ شاهد به‌ترتیب 64/1، 32/2، 49/3 و 56/6 به‌دست آمد. بررسی خصوصیات خاک تحت تأثیر شیب نشان داد که مقدار اسیدیته و کربن آلی خاک در مناطق لغزشی کمتر از مناطق شاهد و مخصوص ظاهری خاک در مناطق لغزشی بیشتر از مناطق شاهد بود. بازیابی خصوصیات خاک نشان داد که به‌جز کربن آلی خاک، بقیۀ خصوصیات بررسی‌شده به‌طور کامل بازیابی شدند. نتایج آماری خصوصیات خاک نشان داد که اختلاف معنی‌داری بین میانگین کربن آلی خاک در مناطق لغزشی و شاهد در طبقات بررسی‌شده وجود دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of landslides causing by executive activities on some physical and chemical soil properties (Case study: Tonekabon and Ramsar forests)

نویسندگان [English]

  • S.P. Misaghi 1
  • R. Naghdi 2
  • A. Salehi 3
  • H. Pourbabaei 2
1 Ph.D. Student in Forestry Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Iran
2 Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Iran
3 Associate Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Iran
چکیده [English]

This study aimed at investigating the effect of landslides causing by executive activities on some physical and chemical of soil properties in Tonekabon and Ramsar forests. For this purpose, the geographical location of the landslides was collected. Landslides in altitude (<750 and > 750 m), aspect (north, south, east and west), age (< 15 and > 15 years) and slope (< 50 and > 50%) were classified. In the each class, three sample plot (100 m2) were established to measure of soil properties. Soil properties includingpH, organic carbon, bulk density and particle density. Totally, 88 sample of soil were collected. The results showed that the mean of BD, PD, OC and pH in the landslide area were 1.69, 2.38, 2.33 and 6.80, respectively, and in the control area they were 1.64, 2.32, 3.49 and 6.56, respectively.  The study of soil properties under the effect of slope showed that the mean of pH and OC in the control area was higher than landslide areas, but the BD in the control area was less than the landslide area. Soil properties recovery showed that except soil OC, other soil properties were fully recovered. The statistical results of soil properties showed that there was a significant difference between the mean OC in landslide and control areas in all studied classes.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Hyrcanian forests
  • mass movement
  • soil properties
  • physiographic factors
Abedi, T., Hosseini, S.A., & Naghdi, R. (2009). Study of landslides and relation with mechanical soil properties around the forest roads (Case study: ChafRood Forest). Journal of Watershed Management, 1(1), 17-29.
Ayalew, L., & Ymagishi, H. (2005). The application of GIS based logistic regression for landslide susceptility mapping in the Kakudyahiko Mountains, Central Japan. Geomorphology, 65, 15-31.
Bahmaniar, M.A. (2002). Effect of  parent material on clay mineralogy in some woodland ereas of Northern Iran. Symposium. 7, 358.
Ballabh, H., Pillay, S., Negi, G.C.S., & Pillay, K. (2014). Relationship between selected physiographic features and landslide occurrence around four hydropower projects in Bhagirathi valley of Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya, India. International Journal of Geosciences, 5, 1088-1099.
Booklet of forestry plan. (2007). Department of forestry technical, Chaloos, Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization.
Dai, F.C., & Lee, C.F. (2002). Landslide characteristics and slope instability modeling using GIS, Lantau Island, Hong Kong. Geomorphology, 42, 213-228.
Demir, G., Aytekin, M., Akgun, A., Ikizler, S.B., & Tatar, O. (2013). A comparison of landslide susceptibility mapping of the eastern part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (Turkey) by likelihood-frequency ratio and analytic hierarchy process methods. Natural Hazards, 65, 1481-1506.
Emami, S.N., Jalalian, A., & Khosravi, A. (2016). The Role of Soil Chemical and Physical Characteristics in Landslide Occurrence (Case Study: Afsar Abad Area in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province). Journal of Watershed Management Research, 7(13), 182-192.
Fathi, K., Jourgholami, M., Hosseini, S.A., & Khalighi Sigaroodi, Sh. (2021). Optimal distance among water diversion structures for mitigating runoff on the skid trails (case study: Kheyrud forest). Iranian Journal of Forest, 13(3), 237-250.
Garfi, G., & Bruno, D.E. (2007). Fan morfodynamics and slop instsbility in the Mucone River basin (Sila Massif, southern Italy): significant of wealthering and role of land use changes. Catena, 50, 181-196.
Gorgandipour, M., Hosseini, S.A., Abdi, E., & Zahedi Amiri, Gh. (2017). Comparison of stabilized sliding and control area based on herbaceous biodiversity and some soil properties (Case Study: Patom District, Kheyrud Forest). Ecology of Iranian Forests, 5(9), 17-23.
Guzzetti, F., Ardizzone, F., Cardinali, M., Rossi, M., & Valigi, D. (2009). Landslide volumes and landslide mobilization rates in Umbria, central Italy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 279, 222-229.
Hafezi, M., & Ghafoori, M. (2007). Investigation of the distributions and causes of landslides in central Alborz, Iran. World Applied Sciences Journal, 2, 652-657.
Kazemi, Sh., Hojjati, M., Fallah, A., & Tafazoli, M. (2015). Effects of forest management on soil physical and chemical properties of Khalil-Mahale forest. Forest Research and Development, 1(2), 167-180.
Kooch, Y., & Moghimian, N. (2015). The effect of deforestation and land use change on ecophysiology indices of soil carbon and nitrogen. Iranian Journal of Forest, 7(2), 243-256.
Mirsanei, S., & Kardan, R. (1999). An Analytically View on Country Landslides Properties. Proceedings of the 1st Iranian Conferences on Engineering Geology and Environment. Tehran, 13 p.
Mohammadi Savadkoohi, N., & Hosseini, S.A. (2013). Effect of physical and mechanical soil properties on landslide in forest road edge (case study: Pahnekola district watershed Tajen). Journal of Watershed Management Research, 4(8), 28-42.
Pachauri, A.K. (1998). Landslide mapping based on geological attributes. Engineering
Geology, 32, 81-100.
Ranjbar, M. (2012). Factors affecting of landslide in Gorganrood district using AHP model. Gheography (Iranian Gheography Association), 10(35), 1-16.
Salehi, A., Taheri Abkenar, K., & Basiri, R. (2012). Study of the recovery soil physical properties and establishment of natural regeneration in skid trails (case study: Nav-e Asalem forests). Iranian Journal of Forest, 3(4), 317-329.
Sarikhani, N., & Gorji, M. (2003). Possibilities of Stabilizing Landslide and Mass Movement in forest roads (Case Study: Kheyrud Kenar Forest as a Scientific Model). Iranian Journal of Natural Recourses, 56(2), 29-37.
Sassa, K., & Canuti, P. (2009). Landslides- Disaster Risk Reduction, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. XVIII. 650 p. 
Varedi Koolaei, S.M. (2011). Comparison of Regeneration, Diversity of Understory Vegetation Cover and some of the Soil Factors in Afforestation and Land sliding Areas of Alder Stands with adjacent Forests (Case study: district No. 1 in Darab Kola forest), Master thesis of Forestry. Faculty of Natural Recourse. Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, 108p.
Varnes, D.J. (1978). Slope movement types and processes, In: Schuster, R. L. & Krizek, R. J. (Eds.), Landslides: Analysis and Control Transportation and Road Research Board, National Academy of Science, Washington D. C., Special Report, 176, 11-33.
Walkley, A.J., & Black, I.A. (1934). Estimation of soil organic carbon by the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37, 29-38.
Walker, L.R., & Shiels, A.B. (2012). Landslide Ecology. Cambridge University Press, 314 pp.
Wu, W., & Slide, R.C. (1995). A distributed slope stability model for steep forested basins. Water Research, 31, 2097- 2110.
Zhou, C.H., Lee, C.F., & Li, J. (2002). On the spatial relationship between landslides and causative factors on Lantau Island. Hong Kong. Geomorphology, 43, 197-207.
Zare, N., Hosseini, S.A., Hafizi, M.K., Najafi, A., Majnounian, B., & Geertsema, M. (2021). A Comparison of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy and frequency ratio model to landslide-susceptibility mapping along forest road networks. Forests, 12, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12081087.
Zarin, D.J., & Johnson, A.H. (1995). Nutrient Accumulation during Primary Succession in a Mountain Tropical Forest, Puerto Rico. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 59(5), 1444-1452.