مجله جنگل ایران

مجله جنگل ایران

تأثیر جنگلکاری بر تنوع گونه‌های گیاهی، ترسیب کربن و پایداری خاکدانه‌ها (مطالعۀ موردی: منطقۀ برآسمان ایلام)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 کارشناس ارشد علوم زیستی جنگل، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران.
2 استادیار، گروه جنگلداری، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران.
3 استاد، گروه جنگلداری، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران.
4 دکتری جنگل‌شناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران.
چکیده
مقدمه: جنگلکاری از متداول‌ترین روش‌ها برای جلوگیری از تخریب خاک و حفاظت از تمامیت اکولوژیکی در اکوسیستم‌های تخریب‌یافته است. گونه‌های درختی تأثیرات متفاوتی بر در دسترس بودن عناصر غذایی، ترکیب بیوشیمیایی مواد آلی ورودی به خاک و خاکدانه‌های خاک دارند. بر این اساس، تحقیق حاضر به تأثیر جنگلکاری‌های خالص و آمیختۀ 28 ساله بر کمیت و کیفیت پوشش گیاهی، نوع خاکدانه‌ها، برخی متغیرهای خاک و ترسیب کربن در منطقۀ برآسمان شهر ایلام می‌پردازد.
مواد و روش‌ها: بدین منظور آزمایش در قالب آزمایش اسپلیت پلات برپایۀ طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام گرفت. تیپ‌های جنگلکاری شامل بلوط‌ ایرانی (Quercus brantii Lindl.)، بادام بی‌برگ (Amygdalus arabica Olivier)، بادام زاگرسی (Amygdalus haussknechtii Bornm.)، جنگلکاری آمیخته و منطقۀ شاهد بودند. به‌منظور ثبت ویژگی‌های کیفی درختان از قطعات نمونۀ 30×20 متری و برای برداشت اشکوب علفی در هر قطعه نمونه از چهار قطعه نمونۀ 1 متر مربعی استفاده شد. همچنین برای اندازه‌گیری برخی از ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک از دو عمق، 5-0 و 15-5 سانتی‌متری نمونه‌برداری انجام گرفت. تنوع، غنا و یکنواختی گونه‌ای با استفاده از شاخص‌های سیمپسون، شانون ‌وینر، فیشر-آلفا، برگر-پارکر، مارگالف و منهنیک اندازه‌گیری شد. سپس نسبت طبقۀ خاکدانه‌ها، میانگین وزنی و هندسی قطر خاکدانه‌ها، بُعد فراکتال و ترسیب کربن اندازه‌گیری و با استفاده از تجزیۀ واریانس مقایسه شد. مقایسه‌های چندگانۀ میانگین‌ها بین تیپ‌های جنگلکاری نیز با آزمونLSD  انجام گرفت.
یافته‌ها: براساس نتایج بیشترین مقدار شادابی و شاخص‌های غنای مارگالف، منهنیک و تنوع فیشر و همچنین کمترین درصد خشکیدگی در تیپ بلوط ایرانی مشاهده شد و در بین تیپ‌های بررسی‌شده از نظر صفات ذکرشده اختلاف معنی‌داری وجود داشت (05/0sig<). همچنین اثرهای عامل تیپ جنگلکاری بر مقدار کربن ‌آلی، نیتروژن و فسفر خاک و عامل عمق خاک بر مقادیر اسیدیته، هدایت الکتریکی، درصد اشباع و پتاسیم خاک معنی‌دار بود. بیشترین اندازۀ خاکدانه‌های 25/0-2، 053/25-0/0 و کمتر از 053/0 میلی‌متر در تیپ بادام زاگرسی و کمترین مقادیر در منطقۀ شاهد مشاهده شد. همچنین تیپ‌های بادام زاگرسی و جنگلکاری آمیخته بیشترین مقادیر میانگین وزنی، هندسی و ترسیب کربن خاک و کمترین بعد فراکتال را دارا بودند.
نتیجه‌گیری: به‌طور کلی می‌توان بیان داشت که گونۀ بلوط ایرانی از نظر شادابی، خشکیدگی و تأثیر بر تنوع پوشش گیاهی رویشگاه سازگارتر از دیگر گونه‌ها بوده است. با وجود این، تیپ بادام زاگرسی و آمیخته نیز موجب زیاد بودن میانگین وزنی و هندسی قطر خاکدانه‌ها نسبت به تیپ‌های دیگر شده است. این امر می‌تواند با اندازۀ خاکدانه‌ها و مقدار کربن آلی بیشتر در این تیپ‌ها مرتبط باشد. این نتایج نشان‌دهندۀ تأثیرات مثبت و ارزشمند جنگلکاری با گونۀ بلوط ‌ایرانی بر پوشش علفی منطقه و بادام زاگرسی بر مقدار کربن آلی و اندازۀ خاکدانه‌های خاک است که ممکن است مؤید تأثیر بسزای این گونه در پایداری خاکدانه‌ها و بهبود ساختمان خاک باشد. در نهایت براساس نتایج پژوهش حاضر، جنگلکاری با گونه‌های بادام زاگرسی و بلوط ایرانی به‌صورت خالص و آمیخته توصیه می‌شود.    
کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله English

Effects of afforestation on plant diversity, carbon sequestration and soil aggregate stability (case study: Bar-Asman, Ilam)

نویسندگان English

M. Azadipour 1
Z. Mirazadi 2
B. Pilehvar 3
H. Jafari Sarabi 4
1 MSc. in Forest Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, I. R. Iran
2 Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, I.R. Iran.
3 Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, I.R. Iran.
4 Ph.D. in Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Faculty of Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, I.R. Iran.
چکیده English

Introduction: Afforestation is one of the most commonly used techniques to prevent soil degradation and restore the ecological integrity of disturbed ecosystems. Tree species affect the availability of nutrients and biochemical composition of organic matter inputs to soil and have different effects on its aggregation. The current study assesses the effects of pure and mixed afforestation types on the quantity and quality of vegetation, soil carbon sequestration, aggregate stability, and some other soil properties on Bar Asman, Ilam.
Material and Methods: In this, research a split-plot experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was used. Afforestation types included Quercus brantii Lindl, Amygdalus arabica Olivier., Amygdalus Haussknech Bornm., mixed afforestation type, and control region. Plots (30*20 m) were set up to conduct tree inventory, and four (1*1 m) plots were conducted in each plot to record herbaceous plant species, and sampling of soil was done from the depths of 0-5 and 5-15 cm to measure soil properties. Plant richness and diversity were measured with Shannon H, Simpson 1-D, Fisher alpha, Margalef, and Menhinick indices. The ratio of aggregate size, the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates, the geometric mean diameter (GMD) of aggregates, the fractal dimension, and carbon sequestration were compared among afforestation types and soil depths. LSD's test did multiple comparisons among afforestation types.
Results: Our results revealed that the Q. brantii afforestation type had a significantly higher viability, Margalef, Menhinick, Shannon H, Simpson 1-D, Fisher alpha, and the lowest percent of decline (p<0.05). Based on the results, the afforestation types factor produced significant effects on soil organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous. On the other hand, the soil depth factor affected soil EC, pH, SP, and potassium. The results also showed the highest amount of 0.25-2, 0.053-0.25 and < 0.035 mm aggregates in the Zagros almond type, and the lowest in this regard was found in the control area. The highest amount of soil aggregate regarding MWD, GMD, fractal dimension, and carbon sequestration were documented at Zagros almond and mixed afforestation types.
Conclusion: In general, it can be expressed Q. brantii has been more successful than other species in terms of qualitative and quantitative traits and the impacts on vegetation diversity of habitats. The greater concentration of MWD, and GMD in Zagros almond and mixed types than other types may originate from greater amounts of organic carbon accumulation and aggregate size in these types. Our results showed the positive and substantial effects of afforestation with Q.brantii in terms of herbaceous layer and Zagros almond on the soil SOC and aggregative size. It can be confirmed that this species had great potential in improving aggregate stability and enhancing soil structure. Overall, afforestation with two species of Persian oak and Zagros almond as pure and mixed types is suggested based on the findings of this study.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Afforestation
Geometric mean of diameter of soil aggregate
Litter
Weighted mean of diameter of soil aggregate
Vegetation
 
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