Ahamadi, H.R., Amiri, M, Mohammady, M., & Ravanbakhsh, H. (2023). The Impact of Windstorm Disturbance on the Forest Structural Attributes in Oriental Beech-Hornbeam Mixed Stands of Hyrcanian Region. Ecopersia, 11(3), 227-240. http://ecopersia.modares.ac.ir/article-24-68636-en.html.
Amiri, M. (2023). Effect of a Windstorm on Gaps Structural Characteristics in the Different Forest Stands in Darabkola Region, Mazandaran Province. Ecopersia, 11(4), 291-306. http://ecopersia.modares.ac.ir/article-24-70323-en.html
Bebi, P., Kulakowski, D., & Rixen, C. (2009). Snow avalanche disturbances in forest ecosystems—State of research and implications for management. Forest Ecology and Management, 257, 1883–1892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.050
Bonyad, A.E., & Tavankar, F. (2014). Resistance of tree species to snow damage in Nav Asalem forests, Guilan province. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 22(3), 496-508. doi: 10.22092/ijfpr.2014.12433. (In persian)
Bradford, J.B., Jensen, N.R., Domke, G.M., & D’Amato, A.W. (2013). Potential increases in natural disturbance rates could offset forest management impacts on ecosystem carbon stocks. Forest Ecology and Management, 308, 178–187.
Brang, P., Schönenberger, W., Frehner, M., Schwitter, R., Thormann, J.J., & Wasse, B. (2006). Management of protection forests in the European Alps. an overview. Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 80(1), 23–44.
Brooks, P.D., Grogan, P., Templer, P.H., Groffman, P., Öquist, M., & Schimel, J. (2011). Carbon and nitrogen cycling in snow-covered environments. Geography Compass, 5(9), 682–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2011.00420.x
Charkazi, A., Amiri, M., Ravanbakhsh, H., & Moghadasi, D. (2017). Examination of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Cupressus sempervirens Var. Horizontalis and Pinus brutia in plantation forests in the Ramian, Golestan Province. Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology, 23 (1), 1-20. (In persian)
Dittmar, C., Zech, W., & Elling, W. (2006). Growth variations of Common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) under different climatic and environmental conditions in Europe—a dendroecological study. Forest Ecology and Management, 222(1–3), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.10.047
Eker, R., Alkiş, K.C., & Aydın, A. (2024). Assessment of large-scale multiple forest disturbance susceptibilities with AutoML framework: an Izmir Regional Forest Directorate case. Journal of Forestry Research, 35(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-024-01723-9
Eshagh Nimvari, A., Ravanbakhsh, H., Amiri, M., & Kianian, M.K. (2019). Snow damage to tree species and its relationship with environmental variables in the Hyrcanian low land Forests, Iran. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 27(4), 485-497. doi: 10.22092/ijfpr.2020.128466.1875. (In persian)
Fakhari, M.A., Babaei, M., & Saeedi Zand, M. (2010). Invetigation on snow damage on plantation in sourdar – Vatashan region (Chmestan, Mazandran). Iraninan Journal of Forest and poplar Research, 18(3), 447- 457. (In Percian)
Fawcett, T. (2006). An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recognition Letters, ROC Analysis in Pattern Recognition, 27, 861–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2005.10.010
Teste, F.P., Lieffers, V.J. (2011). Snow damage in lodgepole pine stands brought into thinning and fertilization regimes. Forest Ecology and Management, 261, (11), 2096- 2104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.03.003
Fischer, J., Lindenmayer, D.B., & Manning, A.D. (2006). Biodiversity, ecosystem function, and resilience: ten guiding principles for commodity production landscapes. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4, 80-86. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2006)004[0080:BEFART]2.0.CO;2
Gardiner, B., Byrne, K., Hale, S., Kamimura, K., Mitchell, S.J., Peltola, H., & Ruel, J.C. (2008). A review of mechanistic modelling of wind damage risk to forests. Forestry, 81, 447–463
Hanewinkel, M., Hummel, S., & Albrecht, A. (2011). Assessing natural hazards in forestry for risk management: A review. European Journal of Forest Research, 130(3), 329–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-010-0394-1
INRAE (French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment). (2024). Forests: Species composition as a factor in storm resilience?. INRAE News. https://www.inrae.fr/en/news/forests-species-composition-factor-storm-resilience
IPCC. (2013). Climate Change 2013: the physical science basis. IPCC, Geneva. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessmentreport/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_ALL_FINAL.pdf.
IRIMO (Iran meteorological organization organization). (2012). Provinces reports, available at the website of www.weather. Iran. (In persian)
Jafari, M. (2009). Thunder and storm fluctuations in the Caspian region over the last half century. Iraninan Journal of Forest and poplar Research, 16(4), 583- 598. (In Persian)
Khodaverdi, S., Amiri, M., Kartoolinejad, D., & Mohammadi, J. (2019). Canopy gaps characteristics of pure and mixed stands in the Hyrcanian forests of north Iran. Annals of Silvicultural Research, 43(2), 62–70. https://doi.org/10.12899/asr-1882
Klopčič, M., Bončina, A., & Diaci, J. (2024). Structural vulnerability of beech-dominated stands to snow damage in temperate mixed forests of Slovenia. Forest Ecology and Management, 548, 121320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2024.121320
Li, X.F., Zhu, J.J, Wang, Q.l., Liu, Z.G., Hou, C.S., & Yang, H.J. (2004). Snow/wind induced damage in natural secondary forests in liaodong mountainous regions, liaoningLiaoning province. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao.Chinese, 15(6), 941-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15362612/
Li, X.F., Jin, L., Zhu, J.J., Liu, L.M., Zhang, J.X., Yi, Wang., Zhu, & C.Y. (2018). Response of species and stand types to snow/wind damage in a temperate secondary forest, Northeast China. Journal of Forestry Research, 29(2), 395–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-017-0446-z
Liu, C. (2004). Snow disturbance and forest ecosystem management. Journal of Forest Ecology, 21(2), 245-258.
Lu, J., Sun, O.J., & Han, X. (2020). Differential responses of tree species to snow and ice storms: Implications for forest dynamics and management. Forest Ecology and Management, 457, 117701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117701
Martin-Alcon, S., Gonzales-olabarria, J.R., & Coll, L. (2010). Wind and snow damage in the Pyrenees pin forests: Effects of stand attributes and location. Silva Fennica, 44(3), 399-410. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.138
Martiník, A., & Mauer, O. (2012). Snow damage to birch stands in Northern Moravia. Journal of Forest Science, 58(4), 181-192.
Marvie Mohadjer, M.R. (2007). Silviculture: Forests of Iran. Tehran University Press, 481p. (In persian)
Mitchell, S.J., (1995). The windthrow triangle: a relative windthrow hazard assessment procedure for forest managers. The Forestry Chronicle, 71(4), 446–450. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc71446-4
Mohammadi, L., Marvie-Mohadjer, M.R., Etemad, V., & Sefidi, K. (2014). Quantitative characteristics of regeneration in natural and tree fall canopy gaps in the mixed beech stands, Northern Iran (Case Study: Namkhaneh district, Kheyrud Forest. Iranian Journal of Forest, 6(4), 457-570. (In Persian)
Natural Resources and Watershed Organization. (2006). Forest Management Plan for Liresara forest, Nowshahr, 465p. (In persian)
Nykänen, M. (1999). Slenderness ratio and snow damage in boreal forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29(6), 802-810.
Nykänen, M.L., Peltola, H., Quine, C., Kellomäki, S., & Broadgate, M. (1997). Factors affecting snow damage of trees with particular reference to European conditions. Silva Fennica, 31(2), 193–213. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a8519
Oliver, C.D., Burkhardt, E.C., & Skojac, D. (2005). The increasing scarcity of red oaks in the Mississippi River floodplain forests: influence of the residual overstory. Forest Ecology and Management, 210, 393–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.036
Oliver, C.D., & Larson, B.C. (1996). Forest Stand Dynamics. John Wiely & Sons, New York.
Paatalo, M.L. (2000). Risk of snow damage in unmanaged and managed stands of scots pine, Norway spruce and birch, Scandinavian. Scandinavian journal of forest research, 15(5), 530-541.
Päätalo, M.L., Peltola, H., & Kellomäki, S. (1999). Modeling the risk of snow damahe to forests under short – term snow loding. Forest Ecology and Management, 116, 1-3. 51- 70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00446-0
Peltola, H., Nykänen, M.L., & Kellomäki, S. (1997). Model computations on the critical combination of snow loading and wind speed for snow damage of Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch sp. at stand edge. Forest ecology and management, 95(3), 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00037-6
Pirnia, A., Habibnejad Roshan., M., & Solaimani, K. (2015) Investigation of Precipitation and Temperature Changes in Caspian Sea Southern Coasts and Its Comparison with Changes in Northern Hemisphere and Global Scales. Journal of Watershed Management Research, 6(11), 90-100. (In persian).
Rossi, E.E., Granzow-de la Cerda, I., Oliver, C.D., & Kulakowski, D. (2017). Wind effects and regeneration in broadleaf and pine stands after hurricane Felix (2007) in Northern Nicaragua. Forest ecology and management, 400(1), 199–207
Sagheb-Talebi, K., Sajedi, T., & Pourhashemi, M. (2014). Forests of Iran: A Treasure from the Past, a Hope for the Future (10). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7371-4
Schroeder, L.M., & Eidmann, H.H. (1993). Attacks of bark- and wood-boring coleoptera on snow-broken conifers over a two-year period. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 8(1-4), 257-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827589309382775
Schneider, R.E., Affleck, D.L.R., & Larson, A. (2019) Tree spatial patterns modulate peak snow accumulation and snow disappearance, Forest Ecology and Management, 441(1), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.03.031
Seidl, R., Schelhaas, M.J., Rammer, W., & Verkerk, P.J. (2014). Increasing forest disturbances in Europe and their impact on carbon storage. Nature Climate Change, 4(9), 806–810. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2318
Seidl, R., Schelhaas, M.J., Rammer, W., & Verkerk, P.J. (2014). Increasing forest disturbances in Europe and their impact on carbon storage. Nature Climate Change, 4(9), 806–810. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2318
Shabani, S., Varamesh, S., Moayedi, H., & Le Van, B. (2023). Modeling the susceptibility of an uneven-aged broad-leaved forest to snowstorm damage using spatially explicit machine learning. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 34203–34213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24660-8
Shahamati Nejad, A., Jahdi, R., & Keivan Behjou, F. (2022). Assessment of Forest Health Status in a Natural Untouched of Fagus orientalis Lipsky Mixed Stand Using Regeneration and Deadwood Indicators (Case Study: Masuleh Watershed). Forest and Wood Products, 75(1), 25-37. doi: 10.22059/jfwp.2021.323874.1166. (In persian)
Song, X., Hogan, J.A., Lin, L., Wen, H., Cao, M., & Yang, J., (2018). Canopy openness and topographic habitat drive tree seedling recruitment after snow damage in an old-growth subtropical forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 429, 493–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.07.038
Tavankar, F., Bonyad, A., & Karamdost Marian, B. (2015). Snow damages on trees in natural and managed stands of the Caspian forests, North of Iran. Iranian Journal of Forest, 7(3), 419-431.(In persian)
Tavankar, F., Lo Monaco, A., Nikooy, M., Venanzi, R., Bonyad, AE., & Picchio, R. (2019). Snow damages on trees of an uneven age in mixed broadleaf forests: effects of topographical conditions and tree characteristics. Journal of Forestry Research, 30(3), 1383–1394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-018-0710-x
Teste, F.P., & Lieffers, V.J. (2011). Snow damage in lodgepole pine stands brought into thinning and fertilization regimes. Forest ecology and management, 261(11), 2096-2104.
Thom, D., & Seidl, R., (2015). Natural disturbance impacts on ecosystem services and biodiversity in temperate and boreal forests. Biological Reviews, 91(3), 760-791. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/brv.12193.
Tiry Mashhadsar, I., Hosenpoor, A., Kiadaliry, H., Ghazi, S., Taghipoor Golsefidi, A., & Alipoor, B. (2011). Comparing Hand Planted Piless (Cupressus Sempervirens L, Var. Horizontalis) Stand Stability According to Burschel and Huss Scale in Babol City. Journal of Sciences and Techniques in Natural Resources, 6, 2. 27-47. (In persian)
Vacchiano, G., & Motta, R. (2015). An improved species distribution model for Scots pine and downy oak under future climate change in the NW Italian Alps. Annals of forest science, 72, 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-014-0439-4
Valinger, E., Fridman, J., & Bergqvist, G. (1993). Snow and wind damage in Picea abies stands in Sweden: Influence of stand characteristics. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 8(2), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827589309382767
Valladares, F., Matesanz, S., Guilhaumon, F., Araújo, M.B., Balaguer, L., Benito-Garzón, M., Cornwell, W., Gianoli, E., van Kleunen, M., Naya, D.E., Nicotra, A.B., Poorter, H., & Zavala, M.A. (2015). The effects of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation on forecasts of species range shifts under climate change. Ecology Letters, 17(11), 1351–1364. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12348
Venables, W.N., & Ripley, B.D. (2002). Modern Applied Statistics with S, Fourth Edition. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21706-2
Vilà-Cabrera, A., Martínez-Vilalta, J., Vayreda, J., & Retana, J. (2011). Structural and climatic determinants of demographic rates of Scots pine forests across the Iberian Peninsula. Ecological Applications, 21, 1162-1172. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0647.1
Wang, Y., Titus, S.J., & LeMay, V.M. (1998). Relationships between tree slenderness coefficients and tree or stand characteristics for major species in boreal mixed wood forests. Canadian Journal Forest Research, 28(8), 1171–1183. https://doi.org/10.1139/x98-092.
Zar, J.H. (1999). Biostatistical Analysis (4th ed.). Prentice Hall.
Zhu, J., Li, X., Liu, Z., Cao, W.A., Gonda, Y., & Matsuzaki, T. (2006). Factors affecting the snow and wind induced damage of a mountain secondary forest in northeastern china. silva fennica, 40(1), 37-51. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.351
Zobeiry, M. (2000). Forest Inventory (Measurement of Tree and Stand). Second edition. University of Tehran Press, 401p. (In persian)
