اثر جهت دامنه و موقعیت کاشت بر میزان ظهور و زنده‌مانی نهال‌های حاصل از بذرکاری بنه، کیکم و ارژن در جنگل‌های ایلام

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات منابع طبیعی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان ایلام، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ایلام، ایران

2 دانشیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات جنگل، مؤسسۀ تحقیقات جنگل‌ها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

این پژوهش با هدف بررسی میزان ظهور و زنده‌مانی نهال حاصل از کاشت بذرهای بنه، کیکم و ارژن در جنگل‌های دالاب ایلام در دو جهت جغرافیایی و پنج موقعیت کاشت (نوع پرستار) انجام گرفت. برای این منظور شش رویشگاه در جهت‌های جغرافیایی شمالی و جنوبی با ارتفاع به‌نسبت یکسان انتخاب شد. در هر رویشگاه یک ترانسکت در جهت عمود بر شیب دامنه پیاده شده و روی آن موقعیت‌های کاشت شامل زیر درخت، زیر درختچه، زیر بوته، کنار سنگ و فضای باز با رعایت سه تکرار مشخص شد. در هر یک از موقعیت‌های کاشت دوازده چاله حفر و بذر گونه‌های یادشده کاشته شد. تعداد نهال‌ها در فصل‌های بهار و تابستان 1397 و 1398 شمارش شد. بیشترین درصد چاله‌های دارای نهال بنه در جهت شمالی و در زیر تاج درخت و کنار سنگ و بیشترین درصد چاله‌های دارای نهال کیکم در زیر تاج درختان و درختچه‌ها بود. میزان ظهور ارژن واکنش معنی‌داری به هیچ یک از عوامل بررسی‌شده نشان نداد. بیشترین سهم از ظهور نهال متعلق به بنه و کمترین آن متعلق به کیکم بود. نتیجه‌گیری شد که میزان ظهور نهال تحت تأثیر جهت دامنه و موقعیت کاشت تغییر می‌کند، از این‌رو برای افزایش ظهور نهال بهتر است بذرکاری در عرصه در موقعیت‌های کاشت مناسب‌تر در هر جهت جغرافیایی انجام گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of aspect and seeding position on the seedling emergence and survival of wild pistachio, maple and almond by direct seeding in Ilam forests

نویسندگان [English]

  • A. Hosseini 1
  • M. Pourhashemi 2
1 Associate Prof., Natural resources Research Dept. Ilam Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Ilam, Iran.
2 Associate Prof., Forest Research Dept. Research institute of forests and rangelands, AREEO, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

This research aimed at studying the seedling emergence and survival rate of Pistacia atlantica, Acer monspessulanum and Amygdalus orientalis by direct seeding in Dalab forests of Ilam with two aspects and five seeding positions (nurse type). For this purpose, six sites were selected in the north- and south-facing slopes with the same altitude. In each site, one transect was established perpendicular to the slope, and the seeding positions including “tree”, “shrub”, ‘bush”, “rock” and bare spaces, by observing three replicates were determined. At each seeding position, 12 holes were dug and the seeds of the mentioned species were planted. The number of seedlings during the spring and summer of 2018 and 2019 years was counted. According to the results, the number of seedling of P. atlantica decreased in the second year compared to the first year and in summer compared to spring. The highest percentage of holes with seedlings of P. atlantica was found in northern aspect and under tree crown and next to the rock. The highest percentage of holes with A. monspessulanum seedlings was under tree crowns and shrubs. A. orientalis did not react to any of the examined factors. The most and least share of the seedling emergence were belonged to P. atlantica and A. monspessulanum, repectively. It was concluded that the rate of seedling emergence changes under the effects of aspects and seeding positions, so to increase the emergence rate of seedlings, it is better to sow in the field in more suitable seeding position in any aspect.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Aspect
  • Direct seeding
  • Maple
  • Nurse
  • Wild pistachio
Alvarez-Aquino, C., Williams-Linera, G., & Newton, A.C. (2004). Experimental Native Tree Seedling Establishment for the Restoration of a Mexican Cloud Forest. Restoration Ecology, 12(3), 412-418.
Bagheri, J., Salehi, A., & Taheri Abkenar, K. (2014). Effective Factors on Regeneration Establishment and Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Pistacia atlantica in Different Physiographic Conditions (Case Study: Khojir National Park). Iranian Forests Ecology, 2(3), 1-12.
Brudvig, L.A., & Asbjornsen, H. (2008). Patterns of oak regeneration in a Midwestern savanna restoration experiment. Forest Ecology and Management, 255, 3019–3025.
Bullard, S., Hodges, J.D., Johnson, R.L., & Straka, T.J. (1992). Economics of direct seeding and planting for establishing oak stands on old-field sites in the south. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 16(1), 34–40.
Cruz, Y.G.L., Lopez-Barrera, F., & Ramos-Prado, J.M. (2016). Germination and seedling emergence of four endangered oak species. Maderay Bosques, 22(2), 77-87.
Engel, V.L., & Parrotta, J.A. (2001). An evaluation of direct seeding for reforestation of degraded lands in central Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Forest Ecology and Management, 152, 169–181.
Erefur, C., Bergsten, U., & Chantal, M.D. (2008). Establishment of direct seeded seedlings of Norway spruce and Scots pine: Effects of stand conditions, orientation and distance with respect to shelter tree, and fertilization. Forest Ecology and Management, 255, 1186–1195.
Frey, B.R., Ashton, M.S., McKenna, J.J., Ellum, D., & Finkral, A. (2007). Topographic and temporal patterns in tree seedling establishment, growth, and survival among masting species of southern New England mixed-deciduous forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 245, 54–63.
Garcia, D., Zamora, R., Hodar, J.A., Gomez, J.M., & Castro, J. (2000). Yew (Taxus baccata L.) regeneration is facilitated by fleshy-fruited shrubs in Mediterranean environments. Journal of  Biological Conservation, 95, 31-38.
Hamzehpour, M., Bordbar, S.K., Joukar, L., & Abbasi, A.R. (2006). The potential of rehabilitation of wild pistacio forests through straight seed sowing and seedling planting. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 14(3), 207-220.
Hooper, E., Condit, R., & Legendre, P. (2002). Responses of 20 native tree species to reforestation strategies for abandoned farmland in Panama. Ecological Applications, 12(6), 1626–1641.
Hosseini, A. (2010). Effect of canopy density on natural regeneration in Manesht oak forests of Ilam. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 18(2), 219-229.
Hosseini, A., Moayeri, M.H., & Heidari, H. (2008). Effect of site elevation on natural regeneration and other characteristics of oak in the Hyanan forests, Ilam. Journal of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, 15(1), 1-10.
Hosseini, A., & Hoseinzadeh, J. (2018). Investigation on regeneration behavior of Pistacia atlantica and Acer cineracens species to recognize their natural establishment pattern in Zagros forests. Applied biology, 31(3), 41-54.
Khoshnevis, M., Teimouri, M., Sadegzadeh Hallaj, M.H., Matinizadeh, M., & Shirvany, A. (2019). The effect of canopy and its geographic orientation on seeds germination and survival of Juniperus excelsa seedlings. Iranian Journal of Forest, 11(3), 363-371.
Kouba, Y., Camarero, J.J., & Alados, C.L. (2012). Roles of land-use and climate change on the establishment and regeneration dynamics of Mediterranean semi-deciduous oak forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 274, 143–150.
Kuniyal, C.P., Purohit, V., Butola, J.S., & Sundriyal, R.C. (2013). Seed size correlates seedling emergence in Terminalia bellerica. South African Journal of Botany, 87, 92–94.
Mirzaei, j., Akbarinia, M., Hosseini, S.M., Tabari, M., & Jalali, S.G.A. (2007). Comparison of natural regenerated woody species in relation to physiographic and soil factors in Zagros forests (Case study: Arghavan reservoir in north of Ilam province). Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 77, 16- 23.
Nazarporfard, K., Zarooni, M., Etemad, V., & Namiranian, M. (2016). The effect of canopy cover, slope and direction of domainon continuing regeneration in Zagros forests (Case study: Blooran, Koohdasht, Lorestan). Natural ecosystems of Iran, 7(1), 69-79.
Negahdarsaber, M., & Abbasi, A. (2010). Impact of ground cover vegetations on natural regeneration of wild pistachio (pistacia atlantica) (Case study: Wild Pistachio Experimental Forest, Fars province). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 18(4), 638-654.
Rostamikia, Y., & Zobeiri, M. (2012). Study on The Structure of Juniperus excelsa Beib. Stand in Khakhal Protected Forests. Journal of Wood & Forest Science and Technology, 19(4), 151-162.
Sadeghzadeh Hallaj, M.H., Azadfar, D., & Mirzaei Nodoushan, H. (2019). Effect of shade on the leaflet morphology of wild Pistachio sapling under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Forest, 11(1), 95-104.
Saeedi Heidari, A., & Safarnejad, A. (2015). Micropropagation of Acer monospessulanum through tissue culture. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research, 23(2), 237-246.
Sampaio, A.B., Holl, K.D., & Scariot, A. (2007). Does restoration enhance regeneration of seasonal deciduous forests in pastures in central Brazil?. Restoration Ecology, 15(3), 462–471.
St-Denis, A., Messier, C., & Kneeshaw, D. (2013). Seed Size, the Only Factor Positively Affecting Direct Seeding Success in an Abandoned Field in Quebec, Canada. Forests, 4, 500-516.
Tabari, M., Yosefzadeh, H., Espahbodi, K., & Jalali, G.A. (2006). Influence of source variation on early growth and biomass of Acer velutinum Boiss. in north of Iran. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 73, 189-194.
Tilki, F., & Alptekin, C.U. (2005). Variation in acorn characteristics in three provenances of Quercus aucheri (Jaub. et Spach) and provenance, temperature and storage effects on acorn germination. Seed Science and Technology, 33(2), 441- 447.
Zeynalzadeh, A., Seyedi, N., & Banj Shafiei, A. (2020). Investigation of germination and growth characteristics in wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf.) seedlings. Iranian Journal of Forest, 11(4), 493-504.