مجله جنگل ایران

مجله جنگل ایران

ارزیابی تغییر خصوصیات زیستی خاک و اثر آنها بر ساختار توده‌های بلوط ایرانی (Quercus brantii Lindl.) در جنگل‌های زاگرس (پژوهش موردی: جنگل‌های قلاجه استان کرمانشاه)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری جنگل‌شناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران
2 استاد گروه جنگلداری، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران
3 استادیار گروه جنگلداری، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران
10.22034/ijf.2026.556918.2083
چکیده

مقدمه: اهمیت پژوهش دربارۀ خاک جنگل در اکولوژی و جنگل‌شناسی به‌ویژه به‌دلیل اهمیت زیاد خاک در فرایندهای بیولوژیکی، فیزیکی و شیمیایی اکوسیستم جنگلی است. خاک بستر اصلی رشد درختان و سایر گیاهان است و تأثیرات زیادی بر سلامت، تنوع زیستی و پایداری جنگل‌ها دارد. بررسی دقیق ویژگی‌های خاک جنگل می‌تواند به درک بهتر ارتباطات بین خاک، گیاهان و بقیۀ موجودات زنده کمک کند و راهکارهایی برای مدیریت مؤثرتر جنگل‌ها ارائه دهد. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی برخی خصوصیات مهم و مؤثر در فرایندهای زیستی خاک، شناخت تفاوت‌ها و شباهت‌های آنان در توده‌های جنگلی بلوط ایرانی (Quercus brantii Lindl.) و ارتباط این ویژگی‌های مهم با خصوصیات ساختاری جنگل‌های حفاظت‌شدۀ کوهستان قلاجه در استان کرمانشاه انجام گرفته است.
مواد و روش‌ها: ضمن شناسایی سه تودۀ جنگلی دانه‌زاد، شاخه‌زاد و شاخه-دانه‌زاد به‌صورت تصادفی، در هر کدام سه قطعه نمونۀ یک‌هکتاری برداشت و ویژگی‌های ساختاری همۀ درختان و جست‌گروه‌ها شامل نام گونه، فرم رویشی، تعداد جست‌ها، قطر برابرسینه، ارتفاع درختان و ارتفاع غالب جست‌گروه‌ها و دو قطر عمود بر هم تاج برداشت شد. سپس به‌منظور بررسی اثرهای رقابت در هر قطعه نمونه، 10 پایۀ هدف و مجاور که دارای حداقل فاصله از هم بودند انتخاب شدند و همۀ ویژگی‌های ساختاری آنها ثبت شد. برای استخراج ویژگی‌های خاک در چهار جهت اصلی هر یک از درختان رقابت‌پذیر چهار نمونه تا عمق 15 سانتی‌متری خاک برداشت و سپس با هم ترکیب شدند، به‌طوری که در هر توده 30 نمونه و در همۀ توده‌ها 90 نمونه تهیه و به آزمایشگاه انتقال داده شد. شاخص رقابت برای درختان هدف و مجاور با استفاده از روش هیگی به دست آمد. برای اندازه‌گیری کربن آلی از روش والکی و بلک، وزن مخصوص ظاهری خاک از روش سیلندر، تنفس میکروبی از روش ظرف دربسته و برای محاسبۀ کربن، نیتروژن و فسفر زی‌تودۀ میکروبی از روش تدخین استفاده شد. برای مقایسۀ توده‌ها از نظر مشخصه‌های زیستی خاک از آنالیز واریانس یکطرفه (ANOVA)، برای بررسی ارتباط بین متغیرها از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و برای گروه‌بندی توده‌ها از آزمون مقایسه‌های چندگانۀ دانکن در سطح احتمال آماری 5 درصد استفاده شد.
نتایج: نشان داد که مقدار کربن آلی خاک در تودۀ شاخه‌زاد با 28/3 درصد به‌طور معنی‌داری بیش از بقیۀ توده‌ها بوده است. میانگین وزن مخصوص ظاهری خاک در توده‌های شاخه‌زاد، شاخه- دانه‌زاد و دانه‌زاد به‌ترتیب 27/1، 4/1 و 41/1 گرم بر سانتی‌متر مکعب به دست آمد. مقادیر کربن زی‌تودۀ میکروبی (MBC) 3/169، 176 و 9/158، نیتروژن زی‌تودۀ میکروبی (MBN) 18/44، 113 و 37/83 و فسفر زی‌تودۀ میکروبی (MBP) 7/12، 15 و 82/8 میلی‌گرم در هر کیلوگرم خاک محاسبه شد. مقدار تنفس میکروبی خاک 172/0، 16/0 و 129/0 میلی‌گرم CO₂ بر گرم خاک و مقدار ترسیب کربن 8/62، 8/46 و 2/39 تن در هکتار محاسبه شد. نتایج تجزیۀ واریانس نیز نشان‌دهندۀ اختلاف معنی‌دار توده‌های بلوط ایرانی از نظر خصوصیات زیستی خاک است. همچنین بررسی ارتباط متقابل بین متغیرهای مهم ساختاری جنگل و خصوصیات زیستی خاک نشان می‌دهد که واکنش آنها به یکدیگر در توده‌های تحت بررسی متفاوت است
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که خصوصیات زیستی خاک در توده‌های جنگلی بلوط ایرانی دارای تفاوت‌های معنی‌داری است. این تمایز ممکن است ناشی از تفاوت در ماهیت توده‌ها، شامل ساختار درختان، ویژگی‌های جست‌گروهی و نظام‌های مدیریتی و جنگل‌شناسی متفاوت آنها باشد. بررسی اثر ویژگی‌های ساختاری در هر توده نیز بیانگر آن است که نقش این عوامل با توجه به ماهیت اکولوژیک هر توده تفاوت دارد. برای نمونه، در توده‌های دانه‌زاد و شاخه‌ـ‌دانه‌زاد، مقدار کربن آلی خاک به‌طور معناداری تحت تأثیر مساحت تاج‌پوشش قرار گرفت؛ در‌حالی ‌که در تودۀ شاخه‌زاد، رابطۀ مشخص و معنی‌داری بین این متغیرها مشاهده نشد.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Assessment of Changes in Soil Biological Properties and Their Effects on the Structure of Persian Oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) Stands in the Zagros Forests (Case Study: Ghalajeh Forests, Kermanshah Province)

نویسندگان English

N soleymani 1
K Abrarivajari 2
M Pourreza 3
1 Ph.D. student of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Forestry Dept. of Natural Resources Faculty, Lorestan University, khoramabad. Iran.
2 Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Forestry Dept. of Natural Resources Faculty, Lorestan University, khoramabad, Iran.
3 Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Forestry Department of Natural Resources Faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
چکیده English

Introduction: The study of forest soils in ecology and silviculture is particularly important due to the critical role of soil in the biological, physical, and chemical processes of forest ecosystems. Soil, as the primary substrate for the growth of trees and other plants, greatly influences forest health, biodiversity, and sustainability. Detailed investigation of forest soil characteristics can enhance understanding of the interactions between soil, plants, and other living organisms, providing guidelines for more effective forest management.
This research aimed to investigate some key properties influencing soil biological processes, to identify differences and similarities among them in Persian oak stands, and to examine the relationships of these important properties with the structural characteristics of protected forests in the Ghalajeh mountainous region of Kermanshah Province.
Materials and Methods: Three types of forest Coppice stand, Coppice – High stand, and High stand—were randomly selected. In each stand, three one-hectare plots were sampled. Within each plot, structural characteristics of all trees and sprout clump were recorded, including species name, growth form, and number of shoots, diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, dominant shoot height, and two perpendicular crown diameters. “Then, in order to examine the effects of competition, in each sample plot, 10 target trees and adjacent trees with the minimum distance between them were selected, and all their structural attributes were recorded. To obtain soil characteristics, four soil samples were taken from the four cardinal directions of each competing tree up to a depth of 15 cm, and then combined. Accordingly, 30 composite samples were prepared for each stand and a total of 90 samples for all stands, which were then transferred to the laboratory. The competition index for the target and neighboring trees was calculated using the Hegyi method. Organic carbon was measured using the Walkley and Black method, bulk density using the cylinder method, microbial respiration using the closed-jar method, and microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were determined using the fumigation method. To compare the stands in terms of soil biological properties, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied. The relationships between variables were eated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and Duncan’s multiple range test at the 5% significance level was used for grouping the stands.
Results: The results showed that soil organic carbon in the Coppice stand stand (3.28%) was significantly higher than in other stand types. The mean bulk density in Coppice, Coppice – High stand, and High stands was 1.31, 1.4, and 1.41 g/cm³, respectively. The amounts of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) were 169.3, 176, and 158.9 mg C/kg soil, microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) was 44.18, 113, and 83.37 mg N/kg soil, and microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) was 12.7, 15, and 8.82 mg P/kg soil, respectively. Soil microbial respiration was 0.172, 0.16, and 0.129 mg CO₂/g soil, and soil carbon sequestration was 643, 468.01, and 391.8 kg/ha for them, respectively. ANOVA results indicated significant differences among Persian oak stands. Analysis of correlations between key forest structural parameters and soil biological properties showed that their interactions varied among stands.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the biological properties of soil in Persian oak forest stands show significant differences. These differences may arise from variations in stand characteristics, including tree morphology, sprout-group structure, and differing silvicultural systems. The assessment of structural attributes further revealed that the influence of these factors varies according to the ecological nature of each stand. For example, in seed-origin and seed–sprout-origin stands, soil organic carbon was significantly affected by tree crown area, whereas in coppice stands, no significant relationship was observed between these variables.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Hegyi competition index
Persian oak
Soil biological properties
Stand structure
Zagros forest
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دوره 18، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 2
تابستان 1405
صفحه 201-217

  • تاریخ دریافت 18 تیر 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری 03 آبان 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش 30 آذر 1404