Ahmad, A., Mirza, S.N., & Nizami, S.M. (2014). Assessment of biomass and carbon stocks in coniferous forest of Dir Kohistan, KPK. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 51(2).
Ahmad, A., Mirza, S.N., & Nizami, S.M. (2014). Assessment of biomass and carbon stocks in coniferous forest of Dir Kohistan, KPK. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 51(2), 345-350
Ashbindu, S. (1989). Digital change detection techniques using remotely sensed data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 10(6), 989-1003.
Ayer, S., Joshi, R., Poudel, A., Prabhakar, A., Joshi, D.P., Poudel, S., Gautam, J., & Bhatta, K.P. (2024). “Quantifying Carbon Stock Variability and Aspect-Slope Impact in Sal and Pine-Dominated Forests of Nepal". In Forests and Climate Change: Biological Perspectives on Impact, Adaptation, and Mitigation Strategies (pp. 709-730). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-3905-9_34
Baniya, B., Tang, Q., Koirala, M., Rijal, K., & Kattel, G. (2020). Growing Season Vegetation Dynamics Based on NDVI and the Driving Forces in Nepal during 1982- 2015. Forestry. Journal of Institute of Forestry, Nepal, 17, 1-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/forestry.v17i0.33619.
Bhandari, M. (2012). International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog308.
Bhandari, M.P. (2025). Environmental Transformation and Its Acceleration in Nepal from Known History to the Contemporary Situation. CRC Press.
Bhattacharya, P. (2025). Forest biodiversity conservation. In Textbook of Forest Science (pp. 123-142). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8289-5_7
Cottam, G., & Curtis, J.T. (1956). The use of distance measures in phytosociological sampling. Ecology, 37(3), 451-460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1930167.
Feng, Q., Yang, H., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Xia, S., Wu, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2025). Interdisciplinary perspectives on forest ecosystems and climate interplay: a review. Environmental Reviews, 33, 1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2024-0010
Feroz, S.M., Kabir, M.E., & Hagihara, A. (2015). Species composition, diversity and stratification in subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests along a latitudinal thermal gradient in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Global Ecology and Conservation, 4, 63-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2015.05.002.
Fichtner, A., & Härdtle, W. (2021). Forest ecosystems: A functional and biodiversity perspective. In Perspectives for Biodiversity and Ecosystems (pp. 383-405). Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57710-0_16
Hansen, A., Barnett, K., Jantz, P., Phillips, L., Goetz, S.J., Hansen, M., ... & De Camargo, R. (2019). Global humid tropics forest structural condition and forest structural integrity maps. Scientific Data, 6(1), 232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0214-3
Huang, D., Zhou, Z., Zhang, Z., Dai, Q., Lu, H., Li, Y., & Huang, Y. (2025). Land Use/Land Cover Remote Sensing Classification in Complex Subtropical Karst Environments: Challenges, Methodological Review, and Research Frontiers. Applied Sciences, 15(17), 9641. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179641
Hui, G., Zhang, G., Zhao, Z., & Yang, A. (2019). Methods of forest structure research: A review. Current Forestry Reports, 5(3), 142-154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-019-00090-7
Jensen, J.R. (1983). Urban/suburban land use analysis. Manual of Remote Sensing, second edition, 1571-1666.
Joshi, P., Joshi, R., Maharjan, A., Panta, M., & Chand, P. (2023). Vegetation diversity, structure, composition and carbon stock of community managed forests of Mid-hills, Nepal. Asian Journal of Forestry, 7(1), 29-36. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.13057/asianjfor/r070104
Joshi, R., Chhetri, R., & Yadav, K. (2019). “Vegetation Analysis in Community Forests of Terai Region, Nepal”. International Journal of Environment, 8(3), 68-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/ije.v8i3.26667
Joshi, R., Pangeni, M., Neupane, S.S., & Yadav, N.P. (2021). Regeneration Status and Carbon Accumulation Potential in Community Managed Sal (Shorea robusta) Forests of Far-Western Terai Region, Nepal. European Journal of Ecology, 7(1), 26-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17161/eurojecol.v7i1.15005
Joshi, R., Singh, H., Chettri, R., Poudel, S., & Rijal, S. (2020b). Carbon Sequestration Potential of Community Forests: A Comparative Analysis of Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Community Managed Forests of Far-Western Nepal. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 10(2), 96-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.825066
Joshi, R., Singh, H., Chhetri, R., & Yadav, R. (2020a). Assessment of Carbon Sequestration Potential in Degraded and Non-Degraded Community Forests in Terai Region of Nepal. Journal of Forest and Environmental Science, 36 (2), 113-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7747/JFES.2020.36.2.113
Khadka, G.B., Mandal, R.A., & Mathema, A.B. (2019). Comparison Growing Stock, Carbon Stock and Biodiversity in and Around Banke National Park, Nepal. International Journal of Botany, 5(3), 21-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-4316.0504001.
Kumar, R., Kumar, A., & Saikia, P. (2022). Deforestation and forests degradation impacts on the environment. In Environmental degradation: Challenges and strategies for mitigation (pp. 19-46). Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95542-7_2
Little, C.J., & Altermatt, F. (2018). Do priority effects outweigh environmental filtering in a guild of dominant freshwater macro-invertebrates?. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 285(1876), 20180205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0205.
Mandal, R.A., Jha, P.K., Dutta, I.C., Thapa, U., & Karmacharya, S.B. (2016). Carbon sequestration in tropical and subtropical plant species in collaborative and community forests of Nepal. Advances in Ecology, 2016(1), 1529703. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1529703.
Mir, Y.H., Mir, S., Ganie, M.A., Bhat, J.A., Shah, A.M., Mushtaq, M., & Irshad, I. (2025). Overview of land use and land cover change and its impacts on natural resources. In Ecologically mediated development: Promoting biodiversity conservation and food security (pp. 101-130). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-2413-3_5
Mitchell, J.C., Kashian, D.M., Chen, X., Cousins, S., Flaspohler, D., Gruner, D.S., ... & Buma, B. (2023). Forest ecosystem properties emerge from interactions of structure and disturbance. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 21(1), 14-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2589
Myers, N. (1997). The world’s forests and their ecosystem services. Nature's Services: societal dependence on natural ecosystems, 215-235.
Naidu, M.T., & Kumar, O.A. (2016). Tree diversity, stand structure, and community composition of tropical forests in Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 9(3), 328-334. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2016.03.019.
Paudel, P.K., Khatiwada, A.P., & Ghimirey, Y. (2022). Lens for Biodiversity Conservation in Nepal: Status, Challenges and Way Forward. Society for Conservation Biology Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Quijas, S., Schmid, B., & Balvanera, P. (2010). Plant diversity enhances provision of ecosystem services: A new synthesis. Basic and Applied Ecology, 11(7), 582-593. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2010.06.009.
Raskoti, B.B. (2009). The Orchids of Nepal. Quality Printers, Kathmandu, Nepal, 252.
Ruiz‐Benito, P., Gómez‐Aparicio, L., Paquette, A., Messier, C., Kattge, J., & Zavala, M.A. (2014). Diversity increases carbon storage and tree productivity in S panish forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23(3), 311-322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12126.
Silva, C.A., Klauberg, C., Hudak, A.T., Vierling, L.A., Liesenberg, V., Bernett, L.G., & Schoeninger, E.R. (2018). Estimating Stand Height and Tree Density in Pinus taeda plantations using in-situ data, airborne LiDAR and k-Nearest Neighbor Imputation. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 90(01), 295-309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201820160071.
Singh, B., Verma, A.K., Tiwari, K., & Joshi, R. (2023). Above Ground Tree Biomass Modeling Using Machine Learning Algorithms in Western Terai Sal Forest of Nepal. Heliyon, 9(11), e21485. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21485
Singh, M., Shahina, N.N., Das, S., Arshad, A., Siril, S., Barman, D., ... & Chakravarty, S. (2022). Forest resources of the world: present status and future prospects. Land Degradation Neutrality: Achieving SDG 15 by Forest Management, 1-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5478-8_1
Stainton, A. (1988). Flowers of Himalaya: A Supplement. Oxford University Press, Delhi, 86.
Strong, W.L. (2016). Biased richness and evenness relationships within Shannon–Wiener index values. Ecological indicators, 67, 703-713. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.03.043.
Thakur, P., Joshi, R., Bhatta, S., Ghimire, S., & Silwal, R. (2024). Computing Above-Ground Carbon Stocks Using Ground-Based and Sentinel Imagery Approach. In Forests and Climate Change: Biological Perspectives on Impact, Adaptation, and Mitigation Strategies (pp. 771-787). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-3905-9_37
Toivonen, J., Kangas, A., Maltamo, M., Kukkonen, M., & Packalen, P. (2023). Assessing biodiversity using forest structure indicators based on airborne laser scanning data. Forest Ecology and Management, 546, 121376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121376
Xu, J., Badola, R., Chettri, N., Chaudhary, R.P., Zomer, R., Pokhrel, B., ... & Pradhan, R. (2019). Sustaining biodiversity and ecosystem services in the Hindu Kush Himalaya. In The Hindu Kush Himalaya assessment: Mountains, climate change, sustainability and people (pp. 127-165). Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_5
