بررسی دلایل و عوامل قاچاق چوب‌های جنگلی در شمال ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموختۀ دکتری سیاست جنگل، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

2 دانشجوی دکتری علوم زیستی جنگل، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

3 دانش‌آموختۀ دکتری جنگل‌شناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

4 دانش‌آموختۀ دکتری علوم مرتع، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

5 دانشیار، گروه جنگلداری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

10.22034/ijf.2022.315999.1819

چکیده

یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل تخریب جنگل‌های شمال کشور، بهره‌برداری‌های غیرمجاز در قالب قطع و برداشت‌های غیرمجاز و قاچاق چوب‌های جنگلی است. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی دلایل و عوامل قاچاق چوب و ارتباط بین آنهاست. به‌منظور جمع‌آوری داده‌ها، از مصاحبۀ بـاز یـا بدون ساختار استفاده و با 51 نفر از ذی‌نفعان مختلف مصاحبه شد. تحلیل داده‌ها به روش تئوری داده‌بنیاد انجام گرفت. در کدگذاری باز این روش، متن مصاحبۀ اطلاع‌رسانان به کدهای مفهومی شکسته و سپس مقوله‌بندی شد. در کدگذاری محوری، روابط بین کدها مشخص و در کدگذاری انتخابی، ارتباط کدها با یکدیگر توصیف شد. در کدگذاری باز 22 کد اصلی در زمینۀ قاچاق چوب حاصل شد. براساس مدل پارادایمی، جایگاه و روابط بین کدها حول پدیدۀ محوری قاچاق چوب تعیین و کدهای احصاشده در پنج بخش مدل شامل شرایط علّی (یک کد اصلی)، شرایط زمینه‌ای (هفت کد اصلی)، شرایط مداخله‌گر (یازده کد اصلی)، کنش/ کنش متقابل (سه کد اصلی) و پیامدها (یک کد اصلی) طبقه‌بندی شد. روابط بین کدها نشان می‌دهد که «فروپاشی نظام مدیریت جنگل و نداشتن طرح و برنامۀ حفاظت از آن» علت اصلی قاچاق چوب است، اما شرایط زمینه‌ای مثل بیکاری و افزایش فقر و مشکلات معیشتی و شرایط مداخله‌گر مثل ضعف و نبود نظام نظارت و کنترل قاچاق چوب در تشدید آن تأثیر بسزایی دارند. مجموع این شرایط سبب کنش/‌برهم‌کنش‌های «طمع برخی افراد در کسب درآمد با زحمت کم و سود زیاد از قاچاق چوب»، «فرار صنایع چوبی از تعرفه‌ها و مالیات‌ها با قاچاق چوب» و «درگیری بین قاچاقچیان و نیروهای حفاظتی و مسائل قضایی و اجتماعی آن» شده است. پیامد این کنش/برهم‌کنش‌ها چیزی جز «تخریب جنگل و کاهش تنوع زیستی و افزایش سیل، رانش، ...» نخواهد بود. در چنین شرایطی، پیشنهاد می‌شود که نظام مدیریت جنگل در قالب طرح‌های مدیریت جنگل استقرار یابد و تجهیزات، امکانات، تأسیسات و نیروی انسانی مورد نیاز آن تأمین شده و طرح مدیریت جنگل با مشارکت جوامع محلی و توجه به اشتغال‌زایی و کاهش وابستگی آنان به جنگل تهیه شود. عملیاتی شدن این پیشنهادها می‌تواند بخشی از ضعف‌های ساختاری و مدیریتی، نظارتی و کنترلی را برطرف کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The study of causes and factors of illegal logging in Caspian Forests

نویسندگان [English]

  • A Beiranvand 1
  • M Asgari 2
  • M Javanmiri Pour 3
  • L. Khaki Pour 4
  • V Etemad 5
1 Ph.D. Graduated, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran
2 Ph.D. Student of Forest Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I. R. Iran
3 Ph.D. Graduated, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran
4 Ph.D. Graduated, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, I. R. Iran
5 Associate Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I. R. Iran
چکیده [English]

The Hyrcanian or Caspian Forests in Northern Iran are facing critical forest degradation due to unauthorized harvesting and illegal logging (IL). This study investigates the causes and factors of IL in the Caspian Forest. Open interviews were conducted with 51 stakeholders to gather data, which was analyzed using the Grounded theory method. In the open coding, the text of the informants' interviews was broken into concept codes and then categorized. In the axial coding, the relationships between the extracted codes were specified, and in the selective coding, the connections between them were illustrated. In open coding, 22 codes relating to IL were obtained. Based on the paradigm model, the position and connections between the causes and factors around the central issue of IL are determined. Then, the codes were divided in to five components consisting of causal conditions (one), context conditions (seven), intervening conditions (11), action/interaction (three), and consequences (one). The study found that "the collapse of the forest management system and the lack of plans for forest resources conservation" is the fundamental causality for IL. Further, contextual conditions such as high unemployment, poverty, subsistence livelihood, and intervening conditions such as weakness and absence of a system for monitoring IL have significant roles in intensifying it. The result of these conditions has caused the actions/interactions in which some people's greed in earning money with little effort and enormous profits from IL; avoidance of wood industries from tariffs and taxes by IL and "conflict between violators and forest guards, and legal and social issues. The consequences of these actions/interactions include deforestation, biodiversity loss, floods, and landslides. To address these issues, the study suggests establishing forest management systems in the context of forest management plans and providing the essential equipment, facilities, and human capital. The forest management plans should be prepared with local communities' participation, and reduce their direct dependence on the forest resources. This point can moderately unravel infrastructural, managerial, and supervisory barriers toward IL.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Forest Degradation
  • Grounded theory
  • Policy Making
 
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